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Automated external defibrillator (AED)

An AED is a portable defibrillator that tells the person using it what to do and can give a shock that may restart a healthy heart rhythm. A US government health page says AEDs are placed in public settings such as stadiums, transport stations, schools and offices, and that people with no training can use one in an emergency, although training helps. In a trial of trained lay volunteers in community units, units whose volunteers were trained in AED use as well as CPR had more survivors to hospital discharge than units trained in CPR only.

Also called AED

  • Technology
  • In this atlas

Overview

Technical summary

The same page describes the AED as a type of portable defibrillator and says providers sometimes recommend keeping one at home for a person at high risk of cardiac arrest. The public-access defibrillation trial (PubMed 15306665) randomized community units to volunteers trained in CPR alone or CPR plus AED; the AED units had 30 survivors among 128 arrests against 15 among 107 (relative risk 2.0, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.77), and only 2 survivors in residential complexes. One over-the-counter AED line was first cleared through 510(k) in 2002 and 2004. The US regulator's final order of 29 January 2015 made premarket approval necessary for class III AEDs already marketed in the pre-amendment category (product codes NSA and MKJ), and that line was approved through PMA P160029 on 2019-06-06 (openFDA: device class 3, regulation number 870.5310). MeSH D047548 (Defibrillators) is wider than AEDs and is stored as a broad match.

How it works

A portable defibrillator that tells the person using it what to do and delivers a shock that may restart a healthy heart rhythm (US government health page).

Classification codes

  • MeSH id.nlm.nih.gov linked data, retrieved 2026-10-15 D047548

Strengths

  • In the public-access defibrillation trial, units with volunteers trained in CPR plus AED use had more survivors to hospital discharge than units with volunteers trained in CPR only (30 among 128 arrests against 15 among 107; relative risk 2.0, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.77). The authors write that trained laypersons can use AEDs safely and effectively.
  • The government health page says someone without training can still operate an AED when an arrest happens.

Limitations

  • The trial's benefit was for arrests in public locations; the abstract reports only 2 survivors in residential complexes, and functional status at discharge did not differ.
  • The volunteers were trained and worked in a structured, monitored response system, so the trial does not show what happens when untrained bystanders use an AED.
  • The same page says few people who have an arrest are treated fast enough to survive.

Required infrastructure

  • A device at the place where the arrest happens, and a bystander willing to use it; the government health page says AEDs are installed in many public places and that training is very helpful.

Claims and evidence

Context Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests treated in community units with trained lay volunteers (public-access defibrillation trial)

Recipient
Recipient not specified
Population
People with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in 993 community units (for example shopping malls and apartment complexes) in 24 North American regions, where trained lay volunteers responded. The abstract counts 128 treated arrests in the AED units and 107 in the CPR-only units; 70 percent of arrests were in a public location.
Care setting
Community units with a structured, monitored emergency-response system staffed by trained lay volunteers (more than 19,000 took part); later ambulance and hospital care is not described in the abstract.
Geography
24 North American regions (abstract wording).
Life stage
The abstract gives a mean age of 69.8 years for treated patients and sets no age limits.
Gestational age
Not reported
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
The abstract gives the primary outcome (survival to hospital discharge) and no follow-up period.
Eligibility: 2 inclusion criteria; exclusion criteria not stated
Included
  • Community units randomly assigned to volunteers trained in CPR alone or in CPR and AED use
  • Treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in those units
Excluded
None stated

  • Effect Interventional Certainty not assessed

    In a prospective, community-based, multicenter trial of public-access defibrillation, community units such as shopping malls and apartment complexes were randomly assigned to a structured, monitored emergency-response system in which lay volunteers were trained either in CPR alone or in CPR plus the use of an AED. More than 19,000 volunteer responders from 993 community units in 24 North American regions took part. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Among treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, there were more survivors to discharge in units assigned to CPR plus AED volunteers (30 survivors among 128 arrests) than in units assigned to CPR-only volunteers (15 among 107; P=0.03; relative risk 2.0, 95 percent confidence interval 1.07 to 3.77). There were only 2 survivors in residential complexes. Functional status at hospital discharge did not differ between the groups, and no inappropriate shocks were delivered. The authors conclude that training and equipping volunteers to attempt early defibrillation within a structured response system can increase the number of survivors after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in public locations.

    Applies to Recipient not specified
    • People with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in 993 community units (for example shopping malls and apartment complexes) in 24 North American regions, where trained lay volunteers responded. The abstract counts 128 treated arrests in the AED units and 107 in the CPR-only units; 70 percent of arrests were in a public location.
    • Community units with a structured, monitored emergency-response system staffed by trained lay volunteers (more than 19,000 took part); later ambulance and hospital care is not described in the abstract.
    • 24 North American regions (abstract wording).
    • The abstract gives a mean age of 69.8 years for treated patients and sets no age limits.
    • Gestational age Not reported
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up The abstract gives the primary outcome (survival to hospital discharge) and no follow-up period.
    Certainty method
    Not assessed
    Limitations
    Abstract of the 2004 report only; the full text was not read (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). The units, not the patients, were randomized, and the abstract counts survivors among treated arrests without giving survival percentages. The benefit reported is for arrests in public locations; the abstract reports only 2 survivors in residential complexes. The volunteers were trained and worked in a structured, monitored response system, so the result does not show what happens when untrained bystanders use an AED. Functional status at discharge did not differ. PubMed lists no erratum for this record.
    Last checked
    2026-10-15
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (17)

    1. Background Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, BACKGROUND, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Background stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    2. Background Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, BACKGROUND, sentence 2
      How it applies
      Background stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    3. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 1, fragment 1 of 2
      How it applies
      Design, population or outcome definition in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    4. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 1, fragment 2 of 2
      How it applies
      Design, population or outcome definition in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    5. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      Design, population or outcome definition in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    6. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    7. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    8. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 3, fragment 1 of 2
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    9. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 3, fragment 2 of 2
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    10. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 4
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    11. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5, fragment 1 of 3
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    12. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5, fragment 2 of 3
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    13. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5, fragment 3 of 3
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    14. Supports Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 6
      How it applies
      Result stated in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    15. Background Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, CONCLUSIONS, sentence 1, fragment 1 of 2
      How it applies
      The authors' conclusion in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    16. Background Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, CONCLUSIONS, sentence 1, fragment 2 of 2
      How it applies
      The authors' conclusion in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

    17. Background Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-15 through NCBI E-utilities. No PMC copy is listed. The full text and the version of record were not fetched (NEJM pages return HTTP 403 to scripts). · Published 2004-08-12 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566 · PMID: 15306665

      Locator
      Abstract, CONCLUSIONS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      The authors' conclusion in the abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      876e36575428bfd3fc70e2bfaf9fb21f3e5cd186d3befcc7cc0be0b99ce19308
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (PubMed disclaimer, fetched 2026-10-15 as ck-pubmed-disclaimer.html, hash only). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation. Public text is quote, following Ben's decision of 2026-10-13 (medical-atlas-core issue 2) for PubMed and other NLM records.

Clinical links

Each link reports what one cited claim says about one population. "Evaluated for" means studied, not shown to work. These links do not show that anything is effective or right for you.

Record details

Record id
cardio:automated-external-defibrillator
Content hash
2efb17851738038782921ce9890670555d80cdea6a418de02b7915739614f327