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Rhythm control for AF (medicines or catheter ablation)

Rhythm control aims to restore and keep a normal heartbeat in atrial fibrillation, with heart rhythm medicines, electrical cardioversion or catheter ablation. NHLBI describes it as a choice for people whose symptoms persist despite medicines that control the heart rate, and for people whose atrial fibrillation is new. In the EAST-AFNET 4 trial, starting rhythm control early in people with recently diagnosed atrial fibrillation and other cardiovascular conditions led to fewer first major events than usual care (3.9 compared with 5.0 per 100 person-years), and also to more serious adverse events related to rhythm-control therapy (4.9% compared with 1.4%).

  • Intervention
  • In this atlas

Overview

Technical summary

Strategy page. NHLBI describes medicines that change an abnormal rhythm to a normal one, electrical cardioversion with low-energy shocks and catheter ablation, which destroys the tissue causing the arrhythmia. In EAST-AFNET 4, early rhythm control was treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs or atrial fibrillation ablation after randomization; usual care limited rhythm control to managing symptoms. The comparison is a strategy against usual care. It is not a comparison of drugs with ablation. Results are on the claim: the trial was stopped for efficacy, and the abstract gives the first primary outcome and the safety outcome as reported.

About this intervention

Type
Procedure
Mechanism
Restores a normal heart rhythm with antiarrhythmic medicines, electrical cardioversion or catheter ablation (NHLBI; the trial used antiarrhythmic drugs or ablation).

Claims and evidence

Context Adults with early atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular conditions (EAST-AFNET 4)

Recipient
Adult
Population
Patients with early atrial fibrillation, diagnosed 1 year or less before enrollment, who also had cardiovascular conditions. The abstract gives a median time since diagnosis of 36 days and does not list the conditions.
Care setting
An international trial in 135 centers.
Geography
International; the abstract does not list the countries.
Life stage
Adults; the abstract does not give an age range.
Follow-up
Median of 5.1 years of follow-up per patient. The trial was stopped for efficacy at the third interim analysis.
Eligibility: 2 inclusion criteria; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
  • Atrial fibrillation diagnosed 1 year or less before enrollment
  • Cardiovascular conditions (the abstract does not say which)
Excluded
  • Not stated in the abstract

  • Effect Interventional Certainty not assessed

    In EAST-AFNET 4, an international, investigator-initiated, open, parallel-group trial with blinded outcome assessment, 2789 patients with early atrial fibrillation (diagnosed 1 year or less before enrollment, median time since diagnosis 36 days) and cardiovascular conditions were randomly assigned in 135 centers to early rhythm control (antiarrhythmic drugs or atrial fibrillation ablation after randomization) or to usual care, which limited rhythm control to managing symptoms. The trial was stopped for efficacy at the third interim analysis after a median of 5.1 years of follow-up per patient. A first-primary-outcome event (death from cardiovascular causes, stroke, or hospitalization with worsening heart failure or acute coronary syndrome) occurred in 249 patients assigned to early rhythm control (3.9 per 100 person-years) and 316 assigned to usual care (5.0 per 100 person-years) (hazard ratio 0.79, 96% confidence interval 0.66 to 0.94, P = 0.005). The second primary outcome, nights spent in the hospital per year, did not differ significantly (5.8 and 5.1 days per year, P = 0.23). The percentage of patients with a primary safety outcome event (death, stroke, or serious adverse events related to rhythm-control therapy) did not differ significantly between groups, but serious adverse events related to rhythm-control therapy occurred in 4.9% of patients assigned to early rhythm control and 1.4% of those assigned to usual care. Symptoms and left ventricular function at 2 years did not differ significantly.

    Applies to Adult
    • Patients with early atrial fibrillation, diagnosed 1 year or less before enrollment, who also had cardiovascular conditions. The abstract gives a median time since diagnosis of 36 days and does not list the conditions.
    • An international trial in 135 centers.
    • International; the abstract does not list the countries.
    • Adults; the abstract does not give an age range.
    Follow-up Median of 5.1 years of follow-up per patient. The trial was stopped for efficacy at the third interim analysis.
    Certainty method
    Not assessed
    Limitations
    Open-label trial with blinded outcome assessment, stopped early for efficacy, which can overstate an effect. Abstract only: the full text and the registry record were not read, so eligibility details, the countries and the ablation share are not recorded. The confidence interval is a 96% interval. The comparison is early rhythm control against usual care, not one rhythm-control method against another. Serious adverse events related to rhythm-control therapy were more frequent with early rhythm control.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (19)

    1. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 1, fragment 1
      How it applies
      Design and population (first fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 1, fragment 2
      How it applies
      Design and population (second fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      Definition of early rhythm control.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 3
      How it applies
      Definition of usual care.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    5. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 4, fragment 1
      How it applies
      First primary outcome (first fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    6. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 4, fragment 2
      How it applies
      Second primary outcome.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    7. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 5
      How it applies
      Primary safety outcome.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    8. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Centers, patients and time since diagnosis.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    9. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      Stopped for efficacy; follow-up.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    10. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 3, fragment 1
      How it applies
      First primary outcome events (first fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    11. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 3, fragment 2
      How it applies
      First primary outcome hazard ratio (second fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    12. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 4, fragment 1
      How it applies
      Nights in hospital did not differ (first fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    13. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 4, fragment 2
      How it applies
      Nights in hospital P value (second fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    14. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5, fragment 1
      How it applies
      Safety outcome did not differ (first fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    15. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5, fragment 2
      How it applies
      Serious adverse events related to rhythm-control therapy (second fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    16. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5, fragment 3
      How it applies
      Serious adverse events (third fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    17. Supports Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 6
      How it applies
      Symptoms and left ventricular function did not differ.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    18. Background Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, CONCLUSIONS, sentence 1, fragment 1
      How it applies
      The authors' conclusion (first fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    19. Background Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

      Publication · Massachusetts Medical Society (N Engl J Med 2020;383(14):1305-1316), via PubMed · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) fetched 2026-10-14 through NCBI E-utilities. The first attempt returned no usable response because the harvester discarded a reply that contained the API key (label cf-pubmed-32865375-attempt.xml); the second attempt succeeded. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2020-10-01 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422 · PMID: 32865375

      Locator
      Abstract, CONCLUSIONS, sentence 1, fragment 2
      How it applies
      The authors' conclusion (second fragment).
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      038f34fce1c09d6eed021494032456c3851fb67be829d4fe8c1ec5549ef00fa0
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities (label cf-pubmed-32865375.xml). Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

Clinical links

Each link reports what one cited claim says about one population. "Evaluated for" means studied, not shown to work. These links do not show that anything is effective or right for you.

Record details

Record id
cardio:af-rhythm-control
Content hash
f6371ad12bb862247dbddd1598560dd3a16e9a31db3dc7465be427d84c186223